{"$schema":"https://policywindow.org/wiki/catalog-completeness.json","name":"Policy Window catalog-completeness attestation","description":"Coverage of the AI-governance instrument landscape: the instruments Policy Window tracks vs a date-stamped, by-jurisdiction survey of the significant instruments that exist in the world. An honest GAP REGISTER (under-claims rather than inflates); not an exhaustive census. Identified gaps feed the human-gated contribution flow — nothing here auto-adds an instrument.","docs":"https://policywindow.org/wiki/catalog-completeness","surveyAsOf":"2026-06-21","inclusionCriteria":"A tracked entry is a distinct, significant AI-governance instrument: a binding law/regulation/executive order, a major standard or treaty, a formal government framework, or a high-profile multilateral declaration. Minor or ephemeral guidance, blog posts, sub-provisions of a tracked instrument, and never-enacted drafts are out of scope. 'major' gaps are binding or field-shaping; 'notable' gaps are real and AI-relevant but secondary (sectoral, sub-national, adjacent, or soft-law).","summary":{"surveyAsOf":"2026-06-21","trackedTotal":53,"trackedPublished":45,"trackedDraft":8,"gapsMajor":12,"gapsNotable":47,"coverageOfIdentifiedField":0.4732,"coverageRead":"Policy Window tracks 53 instruments (45 published). A 2026-06-21 landscape survey identified 59 additional significant instruments not yet tracked (12 major, 47 notable) — the catalog's known coverage gaps. The real-world denominator is a snapshot, not an exhaustive census; the gaps below are the priority additions, routed to the human-gated contribution flow."},"identifiedGaps":[{"name":"BIS Advanced Computing / Semiconductor Export Controls (ECCN 3A090/4A090, 2022-2024 rules)","jurisdiction":"US federal (Commerce / BIS)","type":"regulation","year":"2022-2024","significance":"major","source":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/04/04/2024-07004/implementation-of-additional-export-controls-certain-advanced-computing-items-supercomputer-and","note":"Binding EAR controls on advanced AI chips/compute and semiconductor manufacturing equipment — the entire hardware-side lever of US AI governance, absent from the catalog (referenced only contextually inside the EO entries)."},{"name":"National Security Memorandum on AI (NSM-25) + national-security AI risk-management framework","jurisdiction":"US federal (White House / NSC)","type":"framework","year":"2024","significance":"major","source":"https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/presidential-actions/2024/10/24/memorandum-on-advancing-the-united-states-leadership-in-artificial-intelligence-harnessing-artificial-intelligence-to-fulfill-national-security-objectives-and-fostering-the-safety-security/","note":"First US national-security memorandum on AI (Oct 2024) directing frontier-AI security and govt adoption plus a national-security risk-management framework; a peer of the tracked EOs, distinct from EO 14110."},{"name":"America's AI Action Plan ('Winning the Race')","jurisdiction":"US federal (White House / OSTP)","type":"framework","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Americas-AI-Action-Plan.pdf","note":"The current governing US federal AI strategy (Jul 2025, 90 policy actions, mandated by EO 14179); its three companion EOs (data-center permitting, AI-stack exports, 'woke AI' procurement) fold under it as sub-actions rather than separate major entries."},{"name":"EO 14365 'Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI' (state-law preemption)","jurisdiction":"US federal (White House)","type":"executive-order","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/12/eliminating-state-law-obstruction-of-national-artificial-intelligence-policy/","note":"Dec 2025 EO creating an AI Litigation Task Force to challenge state AI laws and conditioning federal grants on non-enforcement; directly bears on the catalog's tracked state instruments (CA SB-53, CO SB 24-205, TX HB-149)."},{"name":"National AI Initiative Act of 2020 (NAIIA, Div. E of P.L. 116-283)","jurisdiction":"US federal (Congress)","type":"statute","year":"2020","significance":"major","source":"https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/6216","note":"Foundational US AI statute creating the National AI Initiative Office and the statutory mandate under which NIST's AI work (incl. the tracked AI RMF) sits; the legislative bedrock of US AI governance."},{"name":"Taiwan Basic Act on Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"Taiwan","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://www.klgates.com/New-Development-Taiwans-Executive-Yuan-Has-Passed-the-Draft-Bill-of-the-Basic-Act-on-Artificial-Intelligence-10-8-2025","note":"Principles-based framework law (third reading concluded Dec 2025, awaiting promulgation) setting seven core AI principles led by MODA; effectively enacted, no Taiwan instrument tracked."},{"name":"Vietnam Law on Artificial Intelligence (Law No. 134/2025/QH15)","jurisdiction":"Vietnam","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://iapp.org/news/a/vietnam-s-first-standalone-ai-law-an-overview-of-key-provisions-future-implications","note":"Southeast Asia's first comprehensive standalone AI law (passed Dec 2025, effective Mar 2026): EU-inspired three-tier risk framework; no Vietnam instrument tracked."},{"name":"China Measures for Labeling of AI-Generated and Synthetic Content (+ GB 45438-2025 mandatory standard)","jurisdiction":"China","type":"regulation","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/ai-labeling/","note":"Binding CAC labeling regime (effective Sep 2025) with the world's first mandatory national AI-content-labeling standard; distinct from the tracked CN-GENAI-2023 Interim Measures (which only references it as context) — deduped across three slices."},{"name":"China Provisions on Algorithmic Recommendation in Internet Information Services","jurisdiction":"China","type":"regulation","year":"2022","significance":"major","source":"https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/algorithms/","note":"Binding CAC rule (effective Mar 2022) governing recommendation algorithms plus the algorithm-filing registry that underpins China's whole AI-enforcement model; only referenced contextually inside the tracked CN-GENAI-2023."},{"name":"TC260 AI Safety Governance Framework (v1.0 2024 / v2.0 2025)","jurisdiction":"China","type":"framework","year":"2024","significance":"major","source":"https://www.tc260.org.cn/upload/2024-09-09/1725849192841090989.pdf","note":"China's national risk-taxonomy framework (CBRN, loss-of-control, open-source governance) — its closest analogue to the tracked NIST AI RMF and the only China instrument addressing frontier/catastrophic risk."},{"name":"UN Independent Scientific Panel on AI + Global Dialogue on AI Governance (A/RES/79/325)","jurisdiction":"International (UN General Assembly)","type":"framework","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://press.un.org/en/2025/sgsm22776.doc.htm","note":"Two standing UN AI mechanisms established Aug 2025 (a 40-member scientific panel issuing annual assessments + a Global Dialogue); distinct from the tracked 2024 UNGA resolution and the Global Digital Compact."},{"name":"Paris AI Action Summit Statement on Inclusive and Sustainable AI","jurisdiction":"International (62 signatories)","type":"declaration","year":"2025","significance":"major","source":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AI_Action_Summit_2025","note":"The next leaders' declaration in the tracked Bletchley/Seoul series (Feb 2025), notable for US/UK refusal to sign and the pivot from 'safety' to 'action/inclusion'; the catalog tracks the predecessors but not this one."},{"name":"AI Liability Directive (COM/2022/496) — withdrawn 2025","jurisdiction":"EU","type":"statute","year":"2022 (proposed); withdrawn 2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-europe-fit-for-the-digital-age/file-ai-liability-directive","note":"AI-specific civil-liability proposal (rebuttable causation presumptions, evidence disclosure) formally withdrawn Oct 2025; worth a 'proposed, withdrawn' entry paralleling how the catalog handles CA SB-1047 as vetoed — the withdrawal is itself a governance event."},{"name":"EU Digital Services Act (Regulation (EU) 2022/2065)","jurisdiction":"EU","type":"regulation","year":"2022","significance":"notable","source":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2022/2065/oj","note":"Platform regulation bearing directly on AI via VLOP systemic-risk duties (algorithmic amplification, generative-AI/deepfake risk), recommender transparency and AI-content labelling; AI-adjacent but a major lever over deployed AI."},{"name":"EU Data Act (Regulation (EU) 2023/2854)","jurisdiction":"EU","type":"regulation","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2023/2854/oj","note":"Horizontal rules on IoT/cloud data access governing the training/operational data feeding AI and interacting with AI Act Art.10; data-supply infrastructure for AI rather than an AI-specific rulebook."},{"name":"Digital Omnibus on AI (amendments to Regulation (EU) 2024/1689)","jurisdiction":"EU","type":"statute","year":"2025 (provisional agreement 2026)","significance":"notable","source":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/digital-omnibus-ai-regulation-proposal","note":"Commission package materially amending the tracked AI Act timeline/scope (deferred high-risk deadlines, eased SME burdens, penalty caps); important currency context for EU-AIA-2024 even though not a standalone instrument."},{"name":"Spain Draft Law for the Good Use and Governance of AI (+ AESIA)","jurisdiction":"Spain","type":"statute","year":"2025 (draft)","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-spain","note":"Draft national AI bill implementing the AI Act (prohibited practices, mandatory AI-content labelling, fines up to 7% turnover) under AESIA, Europe's first dedicated AI regulator."},{"name":"Germany AI Act implementation act (KI-MIG, draft)","jurisdiction":"Germany","type":"statute","year":"2025 (draft)","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-germany","note":"Draft designating the Bundesnetzagentur as Germany's AI market-surveillance authority and setting penalties; the governance/enforcement transposition by the EU's largest member state."},{"name":"EU AI Continent Action Plan + Apply AI Strategy","jurisdiction":"EU","type":"framework","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/ai-continent-action-plan","note":"The EU's pro-innovation industrial counterweight to its regulatory stack (AI Factories, InvestAI ~EUR 200bn); analogous in role to the tracked UK Pro-Innovation White Paper."},{"name":"Framework for AI Diffusion (AI Diffusion Rule)","jurisdiction":"US federal (Commerce / BIS)","type":"regulation","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/01/15/2025-00636/framework-for-artificial-intelligence-diffusion","note":"Jan 2025 interim rule that created the first-ever export control on closed AI model weights (ECCN 4E091) before being rescinded May 2025; historically significant as the first model-weight control."},{"name":"EO 'Preventing Woke AI in the Federal Government'","jurisdiction":"US federal (White House)","type":"executive-order","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.sidley.com/en/insights/newsupdates/2025/07/the-trump-administrations-2025-ai-action-plan","note":"Jul 2025 EO conditioning federal LLM procurement on 'truthful'/'ideologically neutral' outputs; a binding procurement-conditioning instrument and one of the three AI Action Plan companion EOs."},{"name":"EEOC Title VII Guidance on AI / Algorithmic Selection Procedures","jurisdiction":"US federal (EEOC)","type":"guidance","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.eeoc.gov/sites/default/files/2024-04/20240429_What%20is%20the%20EEOCs%20role%20in%20AI.pdf","note":"Applies Title VII disparate-impact (four-fifths rule) to AI hiring tools and holds employers liable for third-party vendor tools; a leading federal employment-AI instrument."},{"name":"FTC Operation AI Comply (FTC Act §5 enforcement)","jurisdiction":"US federal (FTC)","type":"guidance","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2024/09/ftc-announces-crackdown-deceptive-ai-claims-schemes","note":"The primary federal consumer-protection AI enforcement vehicle against deceptive AI claims ('AI washing') and AI-supercharged fraud, continued into 2025-26."},{"name":"FDA AI-Enabled Device Software Functions Guidance (+ PCCP)","jurisdiction":"US federal (FDA)","type":"guidance","year":"2024-2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.fda.gov/regulatory-information/search-fda-guidance-documents/artificial-intelligence-enabled-device-software-functions-lifecycle-management-and-marketing","note":"FDA total-product-lifecycle AI/ML medical-device guidance plus the finalized Predetermined Change Control Plan; the leading sectoral health-AI regulatory regime."},{"name":"CFPB Circular 2023-03 (adverse-action notices for AI credit decisions)","jurisdiction":"US federal (CFPB)","type":"guidance","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2024/04/17/2024-08003/consumer-financial-protection-circular-2023-03-adverse-action-notification-requirements-and-proper","note":"Requires specific, accurate adverse-action reasons even for complex-AI credit denials under ECOA/Reg B; a key financial-sector AI accountability instrument."},{"name":"US Copyright Office, Copyright and AI Reports (Parts 1-3)","jurisdiction":"US federal (US Copyright Office)","type":"guidance","year":"2024-2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.copyright.gov/ai/","note":"Multi-part reports setting the federal position that fully AI-generated output is uncopyrightable and analyzing AI training on copyrighted works; the authoritative US IP-AI policy framework."},{"name":"Illinois Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA, 740 ILCS 14)","jurisdiction":"US — Illinois","type":"statute","year":"2008","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.aclu-il.org/campaigns-initiatives/biometric-information-privacy-act-bipa/","note":"First US biometric-privacy law with a private right of action ($1k/$5k per violation); the dominant constraint on AI face/voice systems and basis of the $650M Facebook settlement."},{"name":"Texas Capture or Use of Biometric Identifier Act (CUBI, ch. 503)","jurisdiction":"US — Texas","type":"statute","year":"2009","significance":"notable","source":"https://statutes.capitol.texas.gov/Docs/BC/htm/BC.503.htm","note":"AG-enforced biometric notice/consent law (up to $25k/violation) constraining AI facial/voice systems; basis of the $1.4B Meta and $1.375B Google settlements."},{"name":"Tennessee ELVIS Act (HB 2091/SB 2096)","jurisdiction":"US — Tennessee","type":"statute","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.tn.gov/governor/news/2024/3/21/photos--gov--lee-signs-elvis-act-into-law.html","note":"First US law targeting AI voice cloning: extends right of publicity to voice and bans unauthorized AI replicas/deepfakes; effective Jul 2024."},{"name":"Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act (SB 149)","jurisdiction":"US — Utah","type":"statute","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html","note":"First US state AI consumer-protection statute: generative-AI disclosure duties plus the Office of AI Policy and a regulatory sandbox; in force May 2024."},{"name":"Utah HB 452 (AI mental-health chatbot regulation)","jurisdiction":"US — Utah","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.wsgr.com/en/insights/utah-enacts-mental-health-chatbot-law.html","note":"First US mental-health-chatbot statute: AI therapy chatbots must disclose AI status and restrict health-data sale/sharing; effective May 2025."},{"name":"Montana Right to Compute Act (SB 212)","jurisdiction":"US — Montana","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.multistate.ai/updates/vol-59-montana-right-to-compute-law","note":"First US 'right to compute' law applying strict scrutiny to government restrictions on computational resources/AI; the lone deregulatory entry, useful for landscape balance."},{"name":"Connecticut SB 1295 (CTDPA automated-decision/profiling amendments)","jurisdiction":"US — Connecticut","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.hunton.com/privacy-and-cybersecurity-law-blog/connecticut-amends-the-connecticut-data-privacy-act","note":"Extends opt-out/profiling rights to any automated decision with legal/significant effect and requires AI impact assessments; effective Jul 2026 (the enacted CT instrument, vs the dead SB 2)."},{"name":"California AB 2655 (Defending Democracy from Deepfake Deception Act)","jurisdiction":"US — California","type":"statute","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://perkinscoie.com/insights/update/single-day-california-enacts-five-bills-tackling-digital-replicas-and-deepfakes","note":"Requires large platforms to detect/label/remove materially deceptive AI election content; outside the tracked CA frontier/transparency/chatbot set (partly enjoined on First Amendment grounds)."},{"name":"California AB 1836 / AB 2602 (performer digital-replica protections)","jurisdiction":"US — California","type":"statute","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.gov.ca.gov/2024/09/17/governor-newsom-signs-bills-to-protect-digital-likeness-of-performers/","note":"SAG-AFTRA laws barring unauthorized AI digital replicas of deceased and living performers; outside the tracked CA AI set, effective Jan 2025."},{"name":"China Ethical Norms for New Generation AI","jurisdiction":"China","type":"guidance","year":"2021","significance":"notable","source":"https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/ethical-norms-for-new-generation-artificial-intelligence-released/","note":"MOST committee code (6 norms + 18 lifecycle requirements); the foundational national AI-ethics document, non-binding but widely referenced."},{"name":"China Trial Measures for Ethics Review of Science and Technology","jurisdiction":"China","type":"regulation","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.china-briefing.com/news/china-ethical-review-of-science-and-technology-draft-trial-measures/","note":"MOST measures (effective Dec 2023) mandating institutional ethics review for high-risk activities including high-autonomy/opinion-mobilization AI."},{"name":"China Global AI Governance Initiative + Global AI Governance Action Plan","jurisdiction":"China (international)","type":"framework","year":"2023-2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xw/zyxw/202507/t20250729_11679232.html","note":"China's diplomatic AI-governance pitch (2023 Initiative + 2025 WAIC 13-action plan with a proposed World AI Cooperation Organization); parallels the tracked Bletchley/Seoul/Hiroshima declarations — deduped across slices."},{"name":"China Cybersecurity Law amendment adding an AI-development article","jurisdiction":"China","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"http://en.npc.gov.cn.cdurl.cn/2025-10/29/c_1136120.htm","note":"NPC amendment (effective Jan 2026) adding the first AI-specific provision in primary national legislation on safe/sound AI development."},{"name":"China Draft Measures on Human-like (Anthropomorphic) Interactive AI Services","jurisdiction":"China","type":"regulation","year":"2025 (draft)","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/chatbot-measures-draft/","note":"CAC draft (comment to Jan 2026) for AI companion services: AI-disclosure pop-ups, anti-overdependence and emotional-manipulation controls; functional analogue to the tracked CA SB-243 — track as proposed/pending."},{"name":"South Korea Public Official Election Act Art. 82-8 (deepfake election ban)","jurisdiction":"South Korea","type":"statute","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://thediplomat.com/2024/05/ai-and-elections-lessons-from-south-korea/","note":"Enforced ban on election-campaign deepfakes in the 90 days before polling (effective Jan 2024); an early operational AI-specific electoral statute, distinct from the tracked KR AI Basic Act."},{"name":"Australia Voluntary AI Safety Standard (10 guardrails)","jurisdiction":"Australia","type":"standard","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/voluntary-ai-safety-standard","note":"Government 10-guardrail voluntary standard, the de facto national reference after mandatory guardrails were paused (Dec 2025 National AI Plan); note the tracked 'AU-AI-STRATEGY-2024' code is the African Union strategy, not Australia, so Australia is genuinely untracked — deduped across slices."},{"name":"New Zealand AI Strategy ('Investing with Confidence')","jurisdiction":"New Zealand","type":"framework","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.mbie.govt.nz/business-and-employment/economic-growth/digital-policy/new-zealands-ai-strategy-investing-with-confidence","note":"NZ's first national AI strategy (Jul 2025), deliberately light-touch with no AI law, anchored on the OECD AI Principles."},{"name":"Malaysia AI Governance and Ethics (AIGE) Guidelines + National AI Office","jurisdiction":"Malaysia","type":"guidance","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://ai.gov.my/governance/","note":"National AI Office (Dec 2024) plus 7-principle AIGE guidelines; among ASEAN's first national-level AI governance guidance and a foundation for future legislation."},{"name":"WHO Guidance on Ethics and Governance of Large Multi-Modal Models for Health","jurisdiction":"International (WHO)","type":"guidance","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.who.int/news/item/18-01-2024-who-releases-ai-ethics-and-governance-guidance-for-large-multi-modal-models","note":"40+ recommendations on generative/LMM AI in health; the leading sector-specific international AI-governance instrument for healthcare."},{"name":"ISO/IEC 23894:2023 (AI Risk Management Guidance)","jurisdiction":"International (ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 42)","type":"standard","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.iso.org/standard/77304.html","note":"First dedicated international standard on AI-specific risk management (adapts ISO 31000); the companion guidance referenced by ISO/IEC 42001."},{"name":"IEEE 7000-2021 / Ethically Aligned Design (P7000 series)","jurisdiction":"International (IEEE SA)","type":"standard","year":"2021","significance":"notable","source":"https://standards.ieee.org/news/ieee-7000/","note":"Model process for addressing ethical concerns in system design plus the P7000 family (transparency, bias); the leading professional-body AI ethics engineering standards."},{"name":"Council of Europe HUDERIA Methodology","jurisdiction":"International (Council of Europe)","type":"framework","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/-/ai-risk-and-impact-assessment-launch-of-the-huderia-process","note":"Human-rights/democracy/rule-of-law risk-and-impact-assessment methodology; the operational HRIA companion to the tracked CoE Framework Convention, but a distinct instrument."},{"name":"International AI Safety Report (Bengio-chaired)","jurisdiction":"International (30-nation commission, UK AISI secretariat)","type":"framework","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://internationalaisafetyreport.org/","note":"IPCC-style scientific synthesis on advanced-AI risks commissioned at Bletchley; a recurring authoritative evidence base now anchoring the summit series."},{"name":"Canada AI and Data Act (AIDA, Bill C-27) — lapsed","jurisdiction":"Canada","type":"statute","year":"2022 (proposed); died on order paper 2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27","note":"The landmark Canadian risk-based AI statute, which died when Parliament prorogued Jan 2025; worth a lapsed/historical entry but not a major current instrument."},{"name":"Canada Voluntary Code of Conduct on Advanced Generative AI","jurisdiction":"Canada","type":"framework","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en/voluntary-code-conduct-responsible-development-and-management-advanced-generative-ai-systems","note":"ISED-led six-principle voluntary signatory code (30+ signatories) bridging to AIDA; the active Canadian governance instrument after AIDA lapsed."},{"name":"UK Data (Use and Access) Act 2025, s.80 (automated decision-making)","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","type":"statute","year":"2025","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.littler.com/news-analysis/asap/uk-key-provisions-data-use-and-access-act-2025-are-now-force-whats-coming-next","note":"Enacted UK reform replacing UK GDPR Art.22 with a safeguards regime for AI/automated decision-making (s.80 in force Feb 2026); the catalog tracks the 2023 UK White Paper but not this binding ADM reform."},{"name":"UK ICO Guidance on AI and Data Protection (+ AI & biometrics strategy)","jurisdiction":"United Kingdom","type":"guidance","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/uk-gdpr-guidance-and-resources/artificial-intelligence/guidance-on-ai-and-data-protection/","note":"The UK regulator's applied AI/GenAI guidance (web-scraping transparency, ADM) with a statutory AI/ADM Code of Practice mandated for ~2026."},{"name":"Saudi Arabia SDAIA AI Ethics Principles","jurisdiction":"Saudi Arabia","type":"framework","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://sdaia.gov.sa/en/SDAIA/about/Pages/RegulationsAndPolicies.aspx","note":"National 7-principle risk-based AI ethics framework backstopped by the PDPL; the leading Gulf AI-governance instrument, no Saudi instrument tracked."},{"name":"Saudi Arabia Personal Data Protection Law (PDPL, Royal Decree M/19)","jurisdiction":"Saudi Arabia","type":"statute","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://digital.nemko.com/regulations/ai-regulation-in-saudi-arabia","note":"Comprehensive data-protection statute governing personal-data inputs to AI and the enforcement backbone for SDAIA's AI ethics regime."},{"name":"UAE Charter for the Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence","jurisdiction":"United Arab Emirates","type":"declaration","year":"2024","significance":"notable","source":"https://uaelegislation.gov.ae/en/policy/details/the-uae-charter-for-the-development-and-use-of-artificial-intelligence","note":"Federal 12-principle human-centric AI charter anchoring AI Strategy 2031; no UAE instrument tracked."},{"name":"DIFC Data Protection Regulation 10 (autonomous & semi-autonomous systems)","jurisdiction":"United Arab Emirates (DIFC)","type":"regulation","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.mayerbrown.com/en/insights/publications/2026/01/ai-regulation-in-the-difc-personal-data-processed-through-autonomous-and-semi-autonomous-systems","note":"Binding DIFC regulation on personal data processed by autonomous/AI systems; among the first enforceable AI-referencing legal provisions in the UAE."},{"name":"Israel Policy on AI Regulation and Ethics ('Responsible Innovation')","jurisdiction":"Israel","type":"framework","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.gov.il/BlobFolder/policy/ai_2023/en/Israels%20AI%20Policy%202023.pdf","note":"Risk-based, sectoral soft-regulation policy with six ethics principles and sandboxes; no horizontal AI statute, no Israel instrument tracked."},{"name":"Indonesia MCI Circular Letter No. 9/2023 on AI Ethics","jurisdiction":"Indonesia","type":"guidance","year":"2023","significance":"notable","source":"https://www.hbtlaw.com/insights/2024-02/ethical-guidelines-use-artificial-intelligence-ai-indonesia","note":"Indonesia's foundational AI ethics circular (nine core values) ahead of a pending binding Presidential Regulation on high-risk AI."}],"contribute":{"note":"Gaps are candidates for the human-gated contribute-instrument pipeline (charter §7.11) — research + adversarial verification + named-editor ratification before any catalog addition.","url":"https://policywindow.org/wiki/methodology"},"license":"CC BY 4.0","attribution":"Policy Window — policywindow.org"}