Pinned snapshot. This article is rendered from the catalog state captured at (closest snapshot at-or-before your requested date of ). The live version may differ — drop the
?asOf= parameter to see the current catalog state.Predictive policing, risk assessment, sentencing assistance.
Definition & scope
The cross-jurisdiction picture below shows how each of 45 tracked instruments treats this topic. The patterns vary substantially — and 39 regimes are silent, leaving gaps that future policy work could address.
Coverage across jurisdictions
Historical primacy & cross-jurisdiction tension
First addressed by UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence on (implicit). Subsequent regimes have either codified, diverged from, or remained silent on this baseline.
- Forum-shoppingEU AI Act↔Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI
- Forum-shoppingExecutive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AI↔Interim Measures for Generative AI Service Management
- Forum-shoppingCouncil of Europe Framework Convention on AI↔G7 Hiroshima AI Process Code of Conduct
Compare jurisdictions: EU vs US · EU vs UK · EU vs CN
Enforcement & impact
Silent regimes — gap signal
Instruments that do not address AI in Criminal Justice — candidates for future policy work.
- Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AIUS
- Interim Measures for Generative AI Service ManagementCN
- G7 Hiroshima AI Process Code of ConductG7
- OECD AI Principles (Recommendation)OECD
- UN GA Resolution on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AIUN
- NIST AI Risk Management FrameworkUS
- Bletchley Declaration on AI Safetyglobal
- Seoul Declaration on Safe, Innovative and Inclusive AIglobal
- NIST AI RMF Generative AI ProfileUS
- California SB-1047: Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models ActUS
- India Digital Personal Data Protection Act + AI Advisory (MEITY)IN
- Brazil AI Bill (PL 2338/2023)BR
- ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and EthicsASEAN
- African Union Continental AI StrategyAfrican_Union
- Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy (RSP) v2US
- OpenAI Preparedness FrameworkUS
- Google DeepMind Frontier Safety FrameworkUS
- Meta Frontier AI FrameworkUS
- UK-US AI Safety Institute Memorandum of Understandingglobal
- White House Voluntary AI CommitmentsUS
- Singapore Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AISG
- Japan METI AI Guidelines for BusinessJP
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)EU
- EU General-Purpose AI Code of PracticeEU
- OMB Memorandum M-24-10 (Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of AI)US
- GSA Generative AI and Specialized Computing Infrastructure Acquisition Resource GuideUS
- DoD Responsible AI Strategy and Implementation PathwayUS
- FedRAMP AI Cloud Procurement GuidanceUS
- DFARS Subpart 252.204 (Safeguarding Covered Defense Information and Cyber Incident Reporting)US
- California SB-53: Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA)US
- California SB 243: Companion ChatbotsUS
- California SB 942: AI Transparency ActUS
- Revised Product Liability Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2853)EU
- Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on improving working conditions in platform workEU
- Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet Information ServicesCN
- New York RAISE Act: Responsible AI Safety and Education ActUS
- TAKE IT DOWN Act (Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act)US
- Japan AI Promotion Act (Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Utilization of AI-Related Technologies)JP
- UN Global Digital CompactUN
See also
Further reading
15 academic & grey-literature sources bearing on this topic — catalogued metadata with a primary link; one-line findings are ✦ AI-generated summaries, labeled as such (charter §7.9). Browse the full literature index.
- Machines of justice: A systematic review of AI applications in policing and criminal justice Peer-reviewed✦ AISynthesises a decade of AI-in-criminal-justice research, flagging "algorithmic bias, opacity, and due process" and recommending safeguards for equity and accountability.
- The Effectiveness of Big Data-Driven Predictive Policing: Systematic Review Peer-reviewed✦ AISystematic review of 161 articles finds claimed effectiveness underpins legitimacy of predictive policing in the UK and US while algorithmic bias and data-concentration concerns persist.
- The Use of Facial Recognition Technology by Law Enforcement in Europe: a Non-Orwellian Draft Proposal Peer-reviewed✦ AIArgues the EU framework already contains norms "directly or indirectly applicable to facial recognition" in policing, and drafts a dedicated rights-protective law for its use.
- Transparency, Governance and Regulation of Algorithmic Tools Deployed in the Criminal Justice System: a UK Case Study Peer-reviewed✦ AIUK case study maps algorithmic tools used across the criminal-justice system and finds fragmented governance and weak transparency over their deployment.
- The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism Peer-reviewed✦ AIFinds COMPAS "is no more accurate or fair than predictions made by people with little or no criminal justice expertise"; a two-feature linear model matches it.
- Fairness in Criminal Justice Risk Assessments: The State of the Art Peer-reviewed✦ AISurveys six fairness definitions: "impossible to maximize accuracy and fairness at the same time, and impossible simultaneously to satisfy all kinds of fairness".
- Runaway Feedback Loops in Predictive Policing Peer-reviewed✦ AIProves mathematically that learning from discovered-crime data sends police repeatedly to the same neighbourhoods "regardless of the true crime rate," and shows how to correct it.
- Assessing Risk Assessment in Action Peer-reviewed✦ AIEmpirical study of Kentucky's mandatory pretrial risk assessment finds an initial small detention drop that dissipated as judges reverted, with limited net change and modest disparity effects.
- Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact: A Study of Bias in Recidivism Prediction Instruments Peer-reviewed✦ AIShows a recidivism instrument satisfying predictive parity "may lead to considerable disparate impact when recidivism prevalence differs across groups".
- Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores Peer-reviewed✦ AIProves calibration and balanced error rates cannot coexist: "except in highly constrained special cases, there is no method that can satisfy these three conditions simultaneously".
- Disparate Impact in Big Data Policing Peer-reviewed✦ AIArgues data-driven predictive policing can produce disparate racial impacts even when well-intentioned, and proposes algorithmic impact statements as a legal remedy.
- Randomized Controlled Field Trials of Predictive Policing Peer-reviewed✦ AIFirst RCT field trials of predictive policing report algorithmic hotspot predictions led to crime reductions versus analyst-designated patrols.
- Bias in algorithms - Artificial intelligence and discrimination Official (grey)✦ AIEU agency report whose predictive-policing feedback-loop simulation shows biased crime data amplifying over-policing of minorities.
- Predictive Policing: The Role of Crime Forecasting in Law Enforcement Operations Research institute✦ AIFoundational study framing four predictive-policing method families; cautions the tools forecast risk, not events.
- Evaluating Algorithmic Risk Assessment Peer-reviewed✦ AICross-jurisdiction legal evaluation of pretrial algorithmic risk-assessment tools and their contested fairness and accuracy.
References
The primary instrument sources behind the article's classifications.
- EU-AIA-2024: Annex III §6 (high-risk: law enforcement)
- US-EO-14110: §7.1(b) (DOJ AI use review)
- UK-WHITEPAPER-2023: Forensic Information Databases Strategy Board
- COE-AI-CONV: Art. 14 (procedural safeguards)
- UNESCO-AI-ETHICS-2021: Ethical-governance section, paras 62-63 — names law enforcement + the judiciary as sensitive use cases requiring oversight; no dedicated criminal-justice regime
- IT-AILAW-2025: Art. 15 — in judicial use of AI, decisions on legal interpretation/application, evaluation of facts and evidence, and adoption of measures are always reserved to the magistrate; AI limited to organisational/administrative support. Art. 24(2)(h) delegates a future regime for AI in policing.
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6 instruments tracked.