Pinned snapshot. This article is rendered from the catalog state captured at (closest snapshot at-or-before your requested date of ). The live version may differ — drop the
?asOf= parameter to see the current catalog state.Governance approaches grounded in development-rights / digital-self-determination / Global-South-sovereignty arguments rather than EU/US risk-based framings. Loudest in Brazil, India, ASEAN, African Union policy discourse.
Definition & scope
The cross-jurisdiction picture below shows how each of 45 tracked instruments treats this topic. The patterns vary substantially — and 34 regimes are silent, leaving gaps that future policy work could address.
Coverage across jurisdictions
Historical primacy & cross-jurisdiction tension
First addressed by OECD AI Principles (Recommendation) on (implicit). Subsequent regimes have either codified, diverged from, or remained silent on this baseline.
- Forum-shoppingUN GA Resolution on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AI↔EU AI Act
- Forum-shoppingIndia Digital Personal Data Protection Act + AI Advisory (MEITY)↔Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AI
- Forum-shoppingBrazil AI Bill (PL 2338/2023)↔Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI
Compare jurisdictions: EU vs US · EU vs UK · EU vs CN
Enforcement & impact
Silent regimes — gap signal
Instruments that do not address Development-Rights Framings — candidates for future policy work.
- EU AI ActEU
- Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AIUS
- Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AIUS
- UK Pro-Innovation Approach to AI Regulation (White Paper)UK
- G7 Hiroshima AI Process Code of ConductG7
- NIST AI Risk Management FrameworkUS
- Bletchley Declaration on AI Safetyglobal
- Seoul Declaration on Safe, Innovative and Inclusive AIglobal
- NIST AI RMF Generative AI ProfileUS
- California SB-1047: Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models ActUS
- Anthropic Responsible Scaling Policy (RSP) v2US
- OpenAI Preparedness FrameworkUS
- Google DeepMind Frontier Safety FrameworkUS
- Meta Frontier AI FrameworkUS
- UK-US AI Safety Institute Memorandum of Understandingglobal
- White House Voluntary AI CommitmentsUS
- Singapore Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AISG
- Japan METI AI Guidelines for BusinessJP
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)EU
- EU General-Purpose AI Code of PracticeEU
- OMB Memorandum M-24-10 (Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of AI)US
- GSA Generative AI and Specialized Computing Infrastructure Acquisition Resource GuideUS
- DoD Responsible AI Strategy and Implementation PathwayUS
- FedRAMP AI Cloud Procurement GuidanceUS
- DFARS Subpart 252.204 (Safeguarding Covered Defense Information and Cyber Incident Reporting)US
- California SB-53: Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA)US
- California SB 243: Companion ChatbotsUS
- California SB 942: AI Transparency ActUS
- Revised Product Liability Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2853)EU
- Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on improving working conditions in platform workEU
- Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet Information ServicesCN
- New York RAISE Act: Responsible AI Safety and Education ActUS
- TAKE IT DOWN Act (Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act)US
- Italy Law No. 132/2025 on Artificial Intelligence (Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132)IT
See also
Further reading
21 academic & grey-literature sources bearing on this topic — catalogued metadata with a primary link; one-line findings are ✦ AI-generated summaries, labeled as such (charter §7.9). Browse the full literature index.
- A Framework for Evaluating Global AI Governance Initiatives Peer-reviewed✦ AIOffers a framework to evaluate global AI governance initiatives, recommending capacity-building so Global South states can meaningfully participate in standard-setting.
- Large language models reflect the ideology of their creators Peer-reviewed✦ AIEmpirically shows LLMs encode their creators' ideologies, supporting policy incentives for home-grown models reflecting local cultural views, especially in low-resource-language regions.
- "We know what we are doing": the politics and trends in artificial intelligence policies in Africa Peer-reviewed✦ AIMaps the political drivers and trends of emerging African national AI policies, situating sovereignty and development framings against external dependency.
- Latin American critical data studies Peer-reviewed✦ AISurveys Latin American critical data studies, advancing concepts of statistical, epistemic and national sovereignty as decolonial framings for AI/data governance.
- The ethics of AI or techno-solutionism? UNESCO's policy guidance on AI in education Peer-reviewed✦ AICritiques UNESCO's AI-in-education guidance as techno-solutionism that can facilitate Big Tech access to Global South education under a 'capacity development' framing.
- Compute North vs. Compute South: The Uneven Possibilities of Compute-based AI Governance Around the Globe Peer-reviewed✦ AICensus of hyperscale cloud regions shows a divide between "Compute North" states hosting training-relevant compute and a Compute South, shaping who can wield compute-based governance.
- Models of State Digital Sovereignty From the Global South: Diverging Experiences From China, India and South Africa Peer-reviewed✦ AIComparative analysis finds China, India and South Africa pursue divergent state digital-sovereignty models shaped by distinct development trajectories and rights regimes.
- Toward a trustworthy and inclusive data governance policy for the use of artificial intelligence in Africa Peer-reviewed✦ AIProposes five design principles for African-centred AI data governance, warning that reliance on non-African frameworks undermines local and regional inclusivity.
- Artificial Intelligence in the Colonial Matrix of Power Peer-reviewed✦ AITheorizes AI through Quijano's 'colonial matrix of power', showing global production imbalances extract value from majority-world labor for Northern firms.
- Designing artificial intelligence policy: Comparing design spaces in Latin America Peer-reviewed✦ AICompares AI policy 'design spaces' across Latin American states, showing how development and capacity constraints shape divergent governance choices.
- At the Tensions of South and North: Critical Roles of Global South Stakeholders in AI Governance Peer-reviewed✦ AIMaps Global South-centred AI-governance discourse and the paradox of participation, offering 'three roles for Global South actors to substantively engage in AI governance processes.'
- Emerging Consensus on 'Ethical AI': Human Rights Critique of Stakeholder Guidelines Peer-reviewed✦ AIHuman-rights audit of 15 'ethical AI' guidelines finds they create 'a set of de facto norms' that re-interpret human rights, are weak on inequality, and lack enforceable accountability.
- Decolonial AI: Decolonial Theory as Sociotechnical Foresight in Artificial Intelligence Peer-reviewed✦ AIArgues 'post-colonial and decolonial theories' should shape AI's advance as sociotechnical foresight, proposing critical technical practice and reverse tutelage to protect vulnerable populations.
- Algorithmic Colonization of Africa Peer-reviewed✦ AIArgues Western tech monopolies practice 'algorithmic colonialism' in Africa, with profit-driven AI solutions reproducing colonial power asymmetries.
- Data Colonialism: Rethinking Big Data's Relation to the Contemporary Subject Peer-reviewed✦ AITheorizes 'data colonialism' as a new extractive order that normalizes appropriating human life through 'data relations,' enabling 'the capitalization of life without limit.'
- Balancing the tradeoff between regulation and innovation for artificial intelligence: command-and-control vs self-regulatory approaches Peer-reviewed✦ AICompares top-down command-and-control vs bottom-up self-regulatory AI governance, analysing the regulation-vs-innovation tradeoff a deregulatory order resolves toward removing barriers.
- Position Paper: If Innovation in AI Systematically Violates Fundamental Rights, Is It Innovation at All? Preprint✦ AIArgues regulation is the foundation of AI innovation rather than its brake (accepted, NeurIPS 2025 position-paper track).
- AI, Global Governance, and Digital Sovereignty Preprint✦ AITheorises digital sovereignty as entangled with institutional control over AI infrastructure and sovereign competence.
- The digital labour of artificial intelligence in Latin America: Argentina, Brazil, and Venezuela Preprint✦ AISurvey and interviews of 911 precarious AI data workers across Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela (the data-colonialism strand).
- Technology and Innovation Report 2025: Inclusive Artificial Intelligence for Development Official (grey)✦ AIFlagship inclusive-AI-for-development report: 118 mostly-Global-South countries absent from AI governance; infrastructure, data and skills divides.
- Emerging divides in the transition to artificial intelligence (OECD Regional Development Papers No. 147) Working paper✦ AIWorking paper measuring how 2023-24 AI adoption reinforces existing divides across places and firms.
References
The primary instrument sources behind the article's classifications.
- CN-GENAI-2023: PRC has invoked development rights in UN AI debates (2024 GA)
- OECD-AI-PRIN: Principle 1.1 'inclusive growth' brushes against development-rights framing
- COE-AI-CONV: Rights-based framing partly overlaps with development-rights doctrine but not explicitly
- UN-RES-2024: Operative paragraphs frame AI through development-rights + digital divide lens; co-sponsored by Global-South coalition
- IN-DPDP-2023: Digital India framing centres development rights + tech-sovereignty; explicit in DPDPA preamble + MEITY's AI Mission documents
- BR-AIBILL-2024: PL 2338/2023 Arts. 3-4 (founding principles include 'sustainable development' + 'human dignity' — distinct from EU AIA's rights-only framing)
- ASEAN-AI-GUIDE-2024: Guide centres 'pragmatic + flexible' implementation reflecting member-state development trajectories
- AU-AI-STRATEGY-2024: AU Strategy §§1-3 (AI as continental development priority + data-coloniality framing)
- UNESCO-AI-ETHICS-2021: Policy Area 'Development and International Cooperation', para 79 (+ Diversity Principle para 67) — AI-for-development bound to the values/principles
- JP-AIPROMO-2025: Act No. 53 of 2025, Arts. 1 & 3(3)
- UN-GDC-2024: GDC Objective 5, para 55(c) and capacity-building partnerships (A/RES/79/1, Annex I)
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11 instruments tracked.