Pinned snapshot. This article is rendered from the catalog state captured at (closest snapshot at-or-before your requested date of ). The live version may differ — drop the
?asOf= parameter to see the current catalog state.The substantive governance work happening at, between, and around multilateral fora: treaty negotiations, AI Safety Institute network MoUs, forum-shifting between G7 / G20 / OECD / UN, regulatory arbitrage. Distinct from any specific instrument; this is the meta-domain of how governance moves.
Definition & scope
The cross-jurisdiction picture below shows how each of 45 tracked instruments treats this topic. The patterns vary substantially — and 29 regimes are silent, leaving gaps that future policy work could address.
Coverage across jurisdictions
Historical primacy & cross-jurisdiction tension
First addressed by UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence on (governs). Subsequent regimes have either codified, diverged from, or remained silent on this baseline.
- Forum-shoppingBletchley Declaration on AI Safety↔EU AI Act
- Forum-shoppingSeoul Declaration on Safe, Innovative and Inclusive AI↔Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AI
- Forum-shoppingASEAN Guide on AI Governance and Ethics↔Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI
Compare jurisdictions: EU vs US · EU vs UK · EU vs CN
Enforcement & impact
Silent regimes — gap signal
Instruments that do not address International Coordination — candidates for future policy work.
- EU AI ActEU
- Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AIUS
- Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AIUS
- UK Pro-Innovation Approach to AI Regulation (White Paper)UK
- Interim Measures for Generative AI Service ManagementCN
- G7 Hiroshima AI Process Code of ConductG7
- OECD AI Principles (Recommendation)OECD
- Council of Europe Framework Convention on AIcouncil_of_europe
- UN GA Resolution on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AIUN
- NIST AI Risk Management FrameworkUS
- NIST AI RMF Generative AI ProfileUS
- California SB-1047: Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models ActUS
- India Digital Personal Data Protection Act + AI Advisory (MEITY)IN
- Brazil AI Bill (PL 2338/2023)BR
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)EU
- EU General-Purpose AI Code of PracticeEU
- OMB Memorandum M-24-10 (Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of AI)US
- GSA Generative AI and Specialized Computing Infrastructure Acquisition Resource GuideUS
- DoD Responsible AI Strategy and Implementation PathwayUS
- FedRAMP AI Cloud Procurement GuidanceUS
- DFARS Subpart 252.204 (Safeguarding Covered Defense Information and Cyber Incident Reporting)US
- California SB-53: Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA)US
- California SB 243: Companion ChatbotsUS
- California SB 942: AI Transparency ActUS
- Revised Product Liability Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2853)EU
- Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on improving working conditions in platform workEU
- Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet Information ServicesCN
- New York RAISE Act: Responsible AI Safety and Education ActUS
- TAKE IT DOWN Act (Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act)US
Further reading
10 academic & grey-literature sources bearing on this topic — catalogued metadata with a primary link; one-line findings are ✦ AI-generated summaries, labeled as such (charter §7.9). Browse the full literature index.
- The establishment of an international AI agency: an applied solution to global AI governance Peer-reviewed✦ AIProposes a UN-backed International Artificial Intelligence Agency modelled on the IAEA, arguing 'only an IAIA can legitimately oversee a global AI governance framework involving all major powers.'
- Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (Council Eur.) — with Introductory Note Peer-reviewed✦ AIReproduces and annotates the first legally binding international AI treaty, grounding cross-border AI governance in legality, proportionality, transparency, accountability and non-discrimination across the AI lifecycle.
- Digital Disintegration: Techno-Blocs and Strategic Sovereignty in the AI Era Peer-reviewed✦ AIArgues states increasingly assert 'strategic digital sovereignty...through selective alliances with firms and other governments,' fragmenting global AI infrastructure into techno-blocs rather than multilateral order.
- Global AI governance: barriers and pathways forward Peer-reviewed✦ AIDiagnoses a global AI governance deficit and, weighing new centralized institutions against coordinating existing ones, recommends foregrounding the OECD as the centre for AI policy expertise.
- Governing dual-use technologies: Case studies of international security agreements and lessons for AI governance Preprint✦ AIMines nuclear, chemical, biosecurity and export-control regimes for institutional-design lessons for AI agreements, emphasising 'robust verification methods, strategies for balancing power between nations' and enforcement.
- Envisioning a Global Regime Complex to Govern Artificial Intelligence Think tank✦ AIArgues AI governance will not be a single institution but 'something less elegant: a regime complex' of overlapping arrangements for science, standards, benefit-sharing and collective security.
- International Institutions for Advanced AI Preprint✦ AIProposes four international institutional models for advanced AI: a Commission on Frontier AI, an Advanced AI Governance Organization, a Frontier AI Collaborative, and an AI Safety Project.
- The Global Governance of Artificial Intelligence: Next Steps for Empirical and Normative Research Peer-reviewed✦ AIMaps global AI governance and sets a dual agenda: "an empirical approach, aimed at mapping and explaining" it and "a normative approach, aimed at developing and applying standards".
- Mapping global AI governance: a nascent regime in a fragmented landscape Peer-reviewed✦ AIMaps a nascent, "polycentric and fragmented" AI governance regime in which the OECD holds "considerable epistemic authority and norm-setting power".
- Policy Instrument Peer-reviewedLascoumes, P. & Le Galès, P. (2007). Introduction: Understanding Public Policy through Its Instruments — From the Nature of Instruments to the Sociology of Public Policy Instrumentation. Governance 20(1): 1-21. See also Hood (1983) The Tools of Government, ch. 1-2; Salamon (2002) The Tools of Government: A Guide to the New Governance, pp. 1-47; Howlett (2011) Designing Public Policies, ch. 3-5.
References
The primary instrument sources behind the article's classifications.
- BLETCHLEY-2023: Declaration §8-10 (international coordination is the operative ask)
- SEOUL-2024: Declaration §5-7 (AISI network, follow-up summits)
- ASEAN-AI-GUIDE-2024: Guide explicitly designed to harmonise across ASEAN-10 member states + interoperate with OECD AI Principles + G7 Hiroshima
- AU-AI-STRATEGY-2024: AU Strategy §6 (coordination with UN GA AI resolutions + AU-EU AI Working Group)
- ANTHROPIC-RSP-2024: Seoul Frontier AI Safety Commitments signatory; coordinates with US + UK AISIs on capability evaluation
- OPENAI-PREPAREDNESS-2023: Seoul Frontier AI Safety Commitments signatory; pre-deployment evaluation sharing with US + UK AISIs
- DEEPMIND-FSF-2024: Seoul Frontier AI Safety Commitments signatory; UK AISI pre-deployment evaluation cooperation
- META-FRONTIER-2024: Seoul Frontier AI Safety Commitments signatory
- UK-US-AISI-MOU-2024: MoU is the operative bilateral; precedent for the broader AISI network
- WH-VOLUNTARY-2023: Precursor to Seoul Frontier AI Safety Commitments; same signatory base largely overlaps
- SG-MODEL-AI-2024: Framework explicitly aligns with G7 Hiroshima Code + OECD AI Principles; ASEAN Guide pairs
- JP-METI-AI-2024: Guidelines explicit alignment with G7 Hiroshima AI Process Code of Conduct + OECD AI Principles
- UNESCO-AI-ETHICS-2021: Policy Area 'Development and International Cooperation', para 80 — platforms for international cooperation on AI
- IT-AILAW-2025: Art. 1(2)/Art. 2 align the law with EU Reg. 2024/1689; Art. 19(3) requires the national strategy to take account of international humanitarian law; Art. 20(2) designates ACN as the single contact point with EU institutions under AI-Act Art. 70.
- JP-AIPROMO-2025: Act No. 53 of 2025, Arts. 17 & 3(5)
- UN-GDC-2024: GDC Objective 5, paras 55(b) and 56 (A/RES/79/1, Annex I)
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16 instruments tracked.