?asOf= parameter to see the current catalog state.Restrictions on cross-border flow of frontier AI compute (GPUs, accelerators) and model weights. Distinct from `compute_reporting` (which is disclosure) — this is restriction of access by recipient. US BIS rules (Oct 2023 advanced computing, Jan 2025 outbound investment), EU dual-use Regulation 2021/821 overlay, China retaliatory measures + indigenisation push. Mostly outside traditional AI-governance instruments; carving its own track.
Definition & scope
The cross-jurisdiction picture below shows how each of 45 tracked instruments treats this topic. The patterns vary substantially — and 41 regimes are silent, leaving gaps that future policy work could address.
Coverage across jurisdictions
Historical primacy & cross-jurisdiction tension
First addressed by Executive Order 14110 on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AI on (implicit). Subsequent regimes have either codified, diverged from, or remained silent on this baseline.
Compare jurisdictions: EU vs US · EU vs UK · EU vs CN
Enforcement & impact
Silent regimes — gap signal
Instruments that do not address Compute + Model-Weight Export Controls — candidates for future policy work.
- EU AI ActEU
- Executive Order 14179 — Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AIUS
- UK Pro-Innovation Approach to AI Regulation (White Paper)UK
- Interim Measures for Generative AI Service ManagementCN
- G7 Hiroshima AI Process Code of ConductG7
- OECD AI Principles (Recommendation)OECD
- Council of Europe Framework Convention on AIcouncil_of_europe
- UN GA Resolution on Safe, Secure, Trustworthy AIUN
- NIST AI Risk Management FrameworkUS
- Bletchley Declaration on AI Safetyglobal
- Seoul Declaration on Safe, Innovative and Inclusive AIglobal
- NIST AI RMF Generative AI ProfileUS
- California SB-1047: Safe and Secure Innovation for Frontier AI Models ActUS
- India Digital Personal Data Protection Act + AI Advisory (MEITY)IN
- Brazil AI Bill (PL 2338/2023)BR
- ASEAN Guide on AI Governance and EthicsASEAN
- African Union Continental AI StrategyAfrican_Union
- OpenAI Preparedness FrameworkUS
- UK-US AI Safety Institute Memorandum of Understandingglobal
- White House Voluntary AI CommitmentsUS
- Singapore Model AI Governance Framework for Generative AISG
- Japan METI AI Guidelines for BusinessJP
- General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)EU
- EU General-Purpose AI Code of PracticeEU
- OMB Memorandum M-24-10 (Advancing Governance, Innovation, and Risk Management for Agency Use of AI)US
- GSA Generative AI and Specialized Computing Infrastructure Acquisition Resource GuideUS
- DoD Responsible AI Strategy and Implementation PathwayUS
- FedRAMP AI Cloud Procurement GuidanceUS
- DFARS Subpart 252.204 (Safeguarding Covered Defense Information and Cyber Incident Reporting)US
- California SB-53: Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA)US
- California SB 243: Companion ChatbotsUS
- California SB 942: AI Transparency ActUS
- Revised Product Liability Directive (Directive (EU) 2024/2853)EU
- UNESCO Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial IntelligenceUNESCO
- Directive (EU) 2024/2831 on improving working conditions in platform workEU
- Provisions on the Administration of Deep Synthesis of Internet Information ServicesCN
- New York RAISE Act: Responsible AI Safety and Education ActUS
- TAKE IT DOWN Act (Tools to Address Known Exploitation by Immobilizing Technological Deepfakes on Websites and Networks Act)US
- Italy Law No. 132/2025 on Artificial Intelligence (Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132)IT
- Japan AI Promotion Act (Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Utilization of AI-Related Technologies)JP
- UN Global Digital CompactUN
Further reading
9 academic & grey-literature sources bearing on this topic — catalogued metadata with a primary link; one-line findings are ✦ AI-generated summaries, labeled as such (charter §7.9). Browse the full literature index.
- China's semiconductor conundrum: understanding US export controls and their efficacy Peer-reviewed✦ AIArgues "America's chokepoint strategy is increasingly proving to be a fallacy": Chinese chipmakers have "managed to circumvent these measures" in four ways, accelerating domestic innovation.
- Export Controls and Innovation in Sanctioned Countries Working paper✦ AIUsing the 2007 US 'China Rule', finds sanctioned Chinese firms raised R&D by ~49% and patenting by ~41% — evidence export controls can accelerate the target's indigenous innovation.
- Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence Preprint✦ AIArgues compute is a uniquely governable lever because it is "detectable, excludable, and quantifiable, and is produced via an extremely concentrated supply chain".
- Near-Term Enforcement of AI Chip Export Controls Using a Firmware-Based Design for Offline Licensing Preprint✦ AIProposes firmware 'disabling AI chips unless they have an unused license from a regulator', a hardware-enforceable mechanism for export-control compliance on chips like the H100.
- Geopolitics and the changing landscape of global value chains and competition in the global semiconductor industry: Rivalry and catch-up in chip manufacturing in East Asia Peer-reviewed✦ AIAnalyses how geopolitics reshapes semiconductor global value chains and East-Asian rivalry/catch-up, the structural backdrop against which chip export controls operate.
- AI Chip Smuggling into China: Potential Paths, Quantities, and Countermeasures Research institute✦ AIFinds AI chip smuggling into China "is already happening to a limited extent and may involve greater quantities in the future," proposing six countermeasures including a BIS chip registry.
- A Study on the Economic Effects of U.S. Export Controls on Semiconductors to China Peer-reviewed✦ AIEmpirically estimates the economic effects of US semiconductor export controls on China, a non-Western quantitative assessment of control efficacy.
- Choking Off China's Access to the Future of AI Think tank✦ AIAnalyzes the Oct 2022 controls as "weaponizing its dominant chokepoint positions in the global semiconductor value chain" to block China's access to AI chips, design software, and equipment.
- Weaponized Interdependence: How Global Economic Networks Shape State Coercion Peer-reviewed✦ AIThe 'chokepoint' and 'panopticon' theory of how states exploit central network hubs for coercion — the IR foundation for using concentrated chip supply chains as export-control leverage.
References
The primary instrument sources behind the article's classifications.
- US-EO-14110: §4.2(b) directs export-control coordination via BIS; not the primary venue but the policy hook
- ANTHROPIC-RSP-2024: ASL-3+ tiers include model-weight access controls (recipient-restriction analog)
- DEEPMIND-FSF-2024: FSF mitigations include model-weight access controls + restricted-deployment options
- META-FRONTIER-2024: Framework's release decisions implicitly determine cross-border weight flow
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